Photo credit to Yazzer al-Zayyat / Getty Images.
If there’s a silver lining to the current Ebola epidemic sweeping through Liberia and Sierra Leone, it’s that it’s happening in 2014 and not in 2000, when the two countries were embroiled in devastating civil wars, complete with civilian deaths and the use of child soldiers.
But since March, when the Ebola virus first traveled from Guinea to northwestern Liberia and especially since June, when the first Ebola cases arrived in the capital city of Monrovia, Liberia has increasingly been stuck in the kind of siege mentality that residents though they’d left behind with the end of the civil war in 2002.
Many of Liberia’s nearly 4.1 million residents have been subject to a nighttime curfew from 9 p.m. to 8 a.m. Liberian children are no longer attending school, business and hospitals are not functioning at capacity, and mass transit is reduced to a trickle. Some reports add that robberies are on the rise, in part because of the curfew.
Out of over 8,000 reported cases of Ebola infection (as of October 5), just over 3,900 come from Liberia, which has also reported 2,210 of 3,866 total reported deaths from Ebola. Those numbers don’t include many unreported cases of Ebola infection, and the US Centers for Disease Control estimates that the number of reported cases in both Liberia and Sierra Leone could reach 550,000 by January (or up to 1.4 million, including underreported cases).
* * * * *
RELATED: West Africa’s Ebola epidemic is as much
a crisis of governance as health
* * * * *
The only person to inadvertently enter the United States with Ebola (so far) was a Liberia — 42-year-old Thomas Eric Duncan, who died in a Dallas hospital on Wednesday morning after flying to Texas from Monrovia late last month. Liberia will be the chief battleground for a US military force of up to 4,000 troops, who will attempt to ameliorate some of the bottlenecks in getting food and medical supplies to health care workers throughout the country.
Photo credit to Pascal Guyot / AFP.
The socioeconomic costs of the Ebola epidemic are, unsurprisingly, rising sharply. The World Bank yesterday reported that the impact to Liberia’s economy in 2014 could amount to $66 million (3.4% of GDP) and between $113 million and $234 million (5.8% to 12%) in 2015. Liberia imports much of its food, and prices for food are rising higher as fewer shipments are delivered to ports as Ebola infections increase. With a GDP per capita of between $450 and $475, Liberians hardly have a margin for much higher prices.
In the meanwhile, with many hospitals closed, due to lack of equipment to handle potential Ebola victims, or simply due to fear, everyday illnesses common to the region are being left untreated, including everything from routine pregnancies to malaria, which manifests similar symptoms to Ebola and which peaks in September and October.
That’s led to increasing efforts by Liberian president Ellen Johnson Sirleaf to assert control over a country that’s had a functional government for less than a decade. She declared a national emergency in August, and earlier this week, she called for constitutional revisions that would give the Liberian executive vastly greater powers:
In a letter to the Plenary of the House of Representatives and the Senate, Sirleaf asked for powers to amend seven different articles under the constitution, including freedom of movement, speech, religion, confiscation of private property, and elections. Acarous Gray, a member of the House of Representatives from the opposition Congress for Democratic Change, said he intends to vote “no” to the president’s request because he doesn’t want to return Liberia to the days of military dictatorship.
“In my view, this is dangerous, and it reminds us of the days when the dictators govern Liberia. While it is true that we have a state of emergency, the Liberian Constitution under Article 87 is very clear that during the state of emergency no provision of the constitution can be suspended. So, we cannot provide an absolute authority of such to the President that will be draconian. I will publicly advocate against it, and I will vote against it,” Gray said.
Even Liberia’s legislature was forced to evacuate earlier this week, when the sudden death of a doorman in the House of Representatives caused alarm and an emergency chlorine spray-down.
Sirleaf, who was narrowly elected in 2005 over football star George Weah, and reelected in 2011 with over 90% of the vote, has long been a favorite of US and European policymakers.
But in the eight years in which Sirleaf has been in power, though she may have stabilized Liberia in the aftermath of its horrific civil wars, she hasn’t dented the corruption that plagues the country’s government. Throughout the post-colonial era in sub-Saharan Africa, Western officials have a poor track record in boosting African leaders, from the first generation of independence
Overall, her record is not as sparking as many world leaders would like to believe. On human rights issues like LGBT persecution and female genital mutilation, Sirleaf has been silent or even antagonistic to reform efforts.
She established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 2006, but in 2009, Sirleaf was forced to admit that she once backed strongman Charles Taylor in 1989, when he launched an uprising against then-president Samuel Doe. The commission in 2009 recommended that several Liberians be barred from holding public office, including Sirleaf.
Though Sirleaf succeeded in convincing creditors to forgive around $1.2 billion of Liberia’s public debt, and she won the Nobel Peace Prize in October 2011, her opponents accused her government of electoral fraud in the presidential election that same month, and her rival boycotted the November runoff.
Earlier this week, citing frustrations with the slow progress of Sirleaf’s administration, her willingness to block independent investigations, and the lack of Liberia’s rule of law, long-serving justice minister Christiana Tah resigned, notwithstanding the ongoing Ebola crisis. According to local reports, other ministers may soon follow, an incredibly troubling sign as Sirleaf pushes for constitutional changes in the face of the most difficult policy challenge for Liberia in over a decade.
Even as US soldiers bolster Liberian efforts to turn the tide in the country’s fight against Ebola, the extraordinary constitutional measures that Sirleaf now seeks could alter Liberian governance for years, long after the Ebola threat is gone.